Following a debate with unbelievers, a 'drive-by' left this link: http://www.whywontgodhealamputees.com/important.htm
It seems the crusaders at this site are still under the impression they have a knockout blow to Christianity on their hands. Navigating the forums, it becomes quite clear that the 'importance' of this question has more to do with confirming their unbelief than God intervening on behalf of amputees. One gets a sense that this is the 'feather in the cap' for these rebels. There is no real desire to seek God, just a poor attempt at one-upmanship.
I'm going to take their two fundamental claims and show them to be fallacious, and therefore the 'question' incoherent. This will not be exhaustive, so feel free to chime in with any additional criticisms.
'Clearly, if God is real, limbs should regenerate through prayer. In reality, they do not.'
1. There is an assumption that, if God exists, He must heal amputees. This is an unargued assumption, and it is a patently false assumption.
2. There is an assumption that, if God exists, His purpose and plan must involve healing amputees. Again this is a false assumption.
3. There is an assumption that, if God exists, He must heal amputees, regardless of His purpose and plan, in order to appease sinners, thus elevating the 'plans of men' above His own plan in creation. False assumption.
4. There is an assumption that, if God exists, He does not heal amputees; yet without possessing knowledge of all amputees everywhere, past and present, they are relying on an inductive process in order to make the general claim (embedded in the assertion and main question) that God does not (and will not) heal amputees. Thus the question, 'Why won't God heal amputees?', is completely fallacious, and at best incoherent! Technically, we could dismiss the whole thing out of hand based on this alone!
5. There is a presupposition that the healing of amputees would be good; but whose standard of good are they applying here? Their own? What if their standard of good differs from mine? Without a consistent, objective standard of good, the 'objection' carries no significance whatsoever.
Christians have the ultimate standard of good, a just and righteous God. This does not make us any 'better' than unbelievers; we all deserve hell according to God's standard of good.
'The bible clearly promises that God answers prayers.'
It's always amusing watching unbelievers trying to 'exegete' the Scripture... I'd like to see just one rebel let the Scriptures speak for themselves...
While the Bible says that God will answer prayers, these prayers are to be in accordance with His will, that is to say, in accordance with God's purpose and plan in creation:
14 And this is the confidence that we have towards him, that if we ask anything according to his will he hears us.
15 And if we know that he hears us in whatever we ask, we know that we have the requests that we have asked of him.
(1 John 5:14-15 ESV)
This is what Jesus means when He says,
13 Whatever you ask in my name, this I will do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son.
14 If you ask me for anything in my name, I will do it.
(John 14:13-14 ESV)
23 In that day you will ask nothing of me. Truly, truly, I say to you, whatever you ask of the Father in my name, he will give it to you.
(John 16:23 ESV)
Jesus is not giving us carte blanche to just ask for any old thing in His name.
We are to ask in faith:
6 But let him ask in faith, with no doubting, for the one who doubts is like a wave of the sea that is driven and tossed by the wind.
7 For that person must not suppose that he will receive anything from the Lord;
8 he is a double-minded man, unstable in all his ways.
(James 1:6-8 ESV)
3 You ask and do not receive, because you ask wrongly, to spend it on your passions.
(James 4:3 ESV)
26 Likewise the Spirit helps us in our weakness. For we do not know what to pray for as we ought, but the Spirit himself intercedes for us with groanings too deep for words.
(Romans 8:26 ESV)
Is 'testing' God demonstrating faith? Can we truly pray apart from the Spirit?
And God works all things for the good of His people:
26 Likewise the Spirit helps us in our weakness. For we do not know what to pray for as we ought, but the Spirit himself intercedes for us with groanings too deep for words.
27 And he who searches hearts knows what is the mind of the Spirit, because the Spirit intercedes for the saints according to the will of God.
28 And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose.
(Romans 8:26-28 ESV)
So to sum up, yet again we see the unbelievers' 'knock-down' arguments for what they are, having more holes than a second-hand dart board. Rational thought seems to just fly out of the window with these guys (if it was ever there in the first place). And yet again we witness a lackadaisical attempt at Biblical exegesis that would make a Sunday school child shudder.
Soli Deo Gloria
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Friday, March 15, 2013
Science And Wisdom Part V
Worldviews, The Scientific Method, and Logic
Is science neutral when it comes to metaphysics? If not, then what kind of worldview does science require?
It is no accident that modern science has it's origins in Western culture. This is not to say that other cultures, both past and present, have never dabbled in science. Indeed, they have done so in limited fashion despite the fact that their worldviews not conducive to science. In Eastern philosophies, the physical universe is considered to be "maya", or illusion, and the ultimate goal in these belief systems is to escape that illusion through enlightenment. Thus any serious study of nature is bound to be limited as a result. Pagan cultures tend to deify nature. Therefore, any natural phenomenon can be simply written off as a non-transcendental act performed by an independent spirit, separate from other independent spirits. Thus there are no real "laws of nature" to be studied, only spirits to be appeased.
Despite the modern efforts to push science into secularism, there are several major obstacles to science when is approached from a strict materialist point of view, many of which we have already encountered. It is the Christian worldview that provides the necessary preconditions that make scientific enterprise possible. Among the most foundational of these preconditions are the doctrines of Creation (justification that the physical universe is real) and Providence (justification for the uniformity of nature and inductive reasoning). These presuppositions can be more readily seen as we examine the scientific method itself.
Here is a rundown, more or less, of what is referred to as the scientific method.
1.) Define the question.
2.) Gather information and resources.
3.) Form hypothesis.
4.) Perform experiment and collect data.
5.) Analyze data.
6.) Interpret data and draw conclusions that serve as a starting point for new hypothesis.
7.) Publish results
8.) Retest (frequently done by other scientists)
Before one can even begin the scientific method as an approach to examining truth claims, certain metaphysical assumptions must be made that a non-believer has no right to make. The very first step, defining the question, requires a certain bias from the very outset, already precluding certain possibilities. Other metaphysical requirements necessary to engage in any science discipline are as follows:
In addition to the metaphysical obstacles to strict materialism, the attempts to establish the scientific method as an authoritative truth in and of itself presents another problem. The fact is that the scientific method cannot possibly tell us anything true about a hypothesis. Rather, it is built upon the logical fallacy of Asserting The Consequence; ("If P then Q, Q therefore P" is not a valid logical argument), ie.
P1: If Jean Dixon is psychic, then she can predict the winner of a presidential election.
P2: She predicted the winner of a presidential election.
Conclusion: Therefore, Jean Dixon is psychic.
P1: If President Obama was born in Hawaii, then he is an American citizen.
P2: He is an American citizen.
Conclusion: Therefore, President Obama was born in Hawaii.
P1: If Rover is a man, then he is mortal.
P2: Rover is mortal.
Conclusion: Therefore, Rover is a man.
P1: If the law of gravity is true, then the ball will fall to earth at 9.8 m/s2
P2: The ball falls.
Conclusion: Therefore, the law of gravity is true.
P1: If humans and chimps have a common ancestor, then we should observe retroviruses at common points in their DNA structure.
P2: Humans and chimps have similar DNA structure.
Conclusion: Therefore, humans and chimps have a common ancestor.
None of the above arguments are logically sound, yet scientific method itself (hypothesis, experiment, drawing conclusions) is based upon this fallacy. Even if all of the other metaphysical issues surrounding science were to be either answered or ignored, materialists are faced with this discomforting fact: A scientific hypothesis can never be proven to be true. The best case one can hope for is that the scientific method can show that any given hypothesis is a valid possibility.
Finally, when we remove the Christian foundation for Science, not only do we make the scientific method irrational, but we rob Science of any real explanatory value. Science, in a purely secular world, cannot provide a valid explanation for the simplest things, but can only provide:
1.) Definitions – mere tautologies with no explanatory value
2.) Matters of observation – with no reason to believe that these observations have any relationship to reality, much less any justification for the universal and unchangeable “lawlike” character of laws.
Only in a Christian Worldview can we justify the leap from Empiricism to Induction, and rationally exclude anomalies. Only in a Christian worldview can we justify having science operate within the “normal science” paradigm. Only in a Christian Worldview can we justify universal, invariant laws. Without God’s Providence and unchangeable character, we have no way to define what “normal science” should be. Science, far from being a Tarshish for modern Jonah’s to flee to, is a discipline firmly established in the Kingdom of God, and cannot make any sense of our world apart from God. Therefore, we can once again prove God’s existence by the following declaration:
P1: If the laws of nature exists, then God exists, since God is the precondition of the laws of nature.
P2: The laws of nature exists.
Conclusion: God exists.
Unbelieving scientists live in God's universe, and like anyone else, must acknowledge Him in order to even function, though they may suppress the truth in unrighteousness.
"For the children of the Calvinistic Reformation, there should be no question of wasting time in long scholastic discussions about whether science and philosophy also pertain to the kingdom of Jesus Christ or whether they belong instead to a domain of natural reason. This discussion need not go on, because, as we have shown, there is no natural reason that is independent of the religious driving force which controls the heart of human existence." (Herman Dooyeweerd - THE SECULARIZATION OF SCIENCE)
Is science neutral when it comes to metaphysics? If not, then what kind of worldview does science require?
It is no accident that modern science has it's origins in Western culture. This is not to say that other cultures, both past and present, have never dabbled in science. Indeed, they have done so in limited fashion despite the fact that their worldviews not conducive to science. In Eastern philosophies, the physical universe is considered to be "maya", or illusion, and the ultimate goal in these belief systems is to escape that illusion through enlightenment. Thus any serious study of nature is bound to be limited as a result. Pagan cultures tend to deify nature. Therefore, any natural phenomenon can be simply written off as a non-transcendental act performed by an independent spirit, separate from other independent spirits. Thus there are no real "laws of nature" to be studied, only spirits to be appeased.
Despite the modern efforts to push science into secularism, there are several major obstacles to science when is approached from a strict materialist point of view, many of which we have already encountered. It is the Christian worldview that provides the necessary preconditions that make scientific enterprise possible. Among the most foundational of these preconditions are the doctrines of Creation (justification that the physical universe is real) and Providence (justification for the uniformity of nature and inductive reasoning). These presuppositions can be more readily seen as we examine the scientific method itself.
Here is a rundown, more or less, of what is referred to as the scientific method.
1.) Define the question.
2.) Gather information and resources.
3.) Form hypothesis.
4.) Perform experiment and collect data.
5.) Analyze data.
6.) Interpret data and draw conclusions that serve as a starting point for new hypothesis.
7.) Publish results
8.) Retest (frequently done by other scientists)
Before one can even begin the scientific method as an approach to examining truth claims, certain metaphysical assumptions must be made that a non-believer has no right to make. The very first step, defining the question, requires a certain bias from the very outset, already precluding certain possibilities. Other metaphysical requirements necessary to engage in any science discipline are as follows:
| The Christian Metaphysical Requirements For Science | |
|---|---|
| Existence | Isaiah 40:26 |
| Reality | Acts 17:28 |
| Knowledge | Colossians 2:3 |
| Order | Jeremiah 33:25, 51:15 |
| Uniformity | Hebrews 1:3 |
In addition to the metaphysical obstacles to strict materialism, the attempts to establish the scientific method as an authoritative truth in and of itself presents another problem. The fact is that the scientific method cannot possibly tell us anything true about a hypothesis. Rather, it is built upon the logical fallacy of Asserting The Consequence; ("If P then Q, Q therefore P" is not a valid logical argument), ie.
P1: If Jean Dixon is psychic, then she can predict the winner of a presidential election.
P2: She predicted the winner of a presidential election.
Conclusion: Therefore, Jean Dixon is psychic.
P1: If President Obama was born in Hawaii, then he is an American citizen.
P2: He is an American citizen.
Conclusion: Therefore, President Obama was born in Hawaii.
P1: If Rover is a man, then he is mortal.
P2: Rover is mortal.
Conclusion: Therefore, Rover is a man.
P1: If the law of gravity is true, then the ball will fall to earth at 9.8 m/s2
P2: The ball falls.
Conclusion: Therefore, the law of gravity is true.
P1: If humans and chimps have a common ancestor, then we should observe retroviruses at common points in their DNA structure.
P2: Humans and chimps have similar DNA structure.
Conclusion: Therefore, humans and chimps have a common ancestor.
None of the above arguments are logically sound, yet scientific method itself (hypothesis, experiment, drawing conclusions) is based upon this fallacy. Even if all of the other metaphysical issues surrounding science were to be either answered or ignored, materialists are faced with this discomforting fact: A scientific hypothesis can never be proven to be true. The best case one can hope for is that the scientific method can show that any given hypothesis is a valid possibility.
Finally, when we remove the Christian foundation for Science, not only do we make the scientific method irrational, but we rob Science of any real explanatory value. Science, in a purely secular world, cannot provide a valid explanation for the simplest things, but can only provide:
1.) Definitions – mere tautologies with no explanatory value
2.) Matters of observation – with no reason to believe that these observations have any relationship to reality, much less any justification for the universal and unchangeable “lawlike” character of laws.
Only in a Christian Worldview can we justify the leap from Empiricism to Induction, and rationally exclude anomalies. Only in a Christian worldview can we justify having science operate within the “normal science” paradigm. Only in a Christian Worldview can we justify universal, invariant laws. Without God’s Providence and unchangeable character, we have no way to define what “normal science” should be. Science, far from being a Tarshish for modern Jonah’s to flee to, is a discipline firmly established in the Kingdom of God, and cannot make any sense of our world apart from God. Therefore, we can once again prove God’s existence by the following declaration:
P1: If the laws of nature exists, then God exists, since God is the precondition of the laws of nature.
P2: The laws of nature exists.
Conclusion: God exists.
Unbelieving scientists live in God's universe, and like anyone else, must acknowledge Him in order to even function, though they may suppress the truth in unrighteousness.
Monday, March 11, 2013
Science And Wisdom Part IV
Expressions Of Law: "Discovered" or "Selected"?
How does one actually go about discovering a scientific law? When science expresses laws as mathematical formulas, how do these expressions relate to the reality of these laws? Are they true? Are they unchangeable? Are the "discovered" or "selected"?
Aside from the fact that any scientific experiment faces the same obstacles that empiricism in general faces, additional issues arise when trying to draw conclusions from a given set of obtained data. Take, for example, an experiment used to validate Newton's Second Law of Motion. According to Newton's second law, a body will accelerate in the direction of any unbalanced force, and the magnitude of this acceleration will directly proportional to the magnitude of that unbalanced force. The validity of this law may be tested by tying one end of a string to a known mass (20 g) and the other end to a glider. The glider can be placed on a Stull-Ealing linear air track as shown below, reducing the friction of the glider on the track to a negligible value.
The time value can be measured with a power source which sparks every 1/60 of a second. A wired is attached to the glider which fires onto the spark tape. The mass of the glider in this particular experiment was 504.6 grams. Thus we can arrive at a theoretical value as follows:
∑F = ma
W = (m+M)a
mg = (m+M)a
a = mg/(m+M)
a = (20.0 g)(980 cm/s2)/(20.0g + 504.6g)
a = 37.4 cm/s2
Let's suppose that the experiment, repeated a few times, yielded the following results:
Obviously, there is a notable difference between the actual a theoretical values. Perhaps the forces of friction on the air track and the pulley weren't negligible after all. Perhaps the air flowing out of the track exhibited an additional unbalanced force, however slight, upon the glider. Perhaps the timed power source was inaccurate, or certain marks did not record properly onto the spark tape. In any case, most scientists would feel that Newton's second law has been validated by the results of this experiment.
What do we make of the third measurement, which yields a result containing an error rate of 40%. While the honest scientist would include this result in his reporting, it would be discarded as an anomaly for all practical purposes. This is a problem in what Thomas Kuhn refers to a "normal" science. Experiments are expected to yield certain results, and those that don't must be either explained away or ignored. Thus we must conclude that science is not "unbiased". Indeed, biases are necessary in science in order to have any progress or ability to build upon previous discoveries.
But the scientist is faced with yet another problem in trying to analyze the results of his data. Typically, the scientist would plot his data representing points on a graph, as shown below.
By connecting the points with a curve, the scientist would validate the law he was testing. However, we can see that the curve does not pass through all of the "points" plotted. This is due to variable errors on X-Y axis, which if taken seriously, would prohibit an experimenter from plotting data as points in the first place. Instead, each plot would have to be a rectangle in order to account for errors in both the X and Y units, as follows.
Granted, there are ways to get more accurate measurements than can be obtained by the crude setup shown above, but that would only result in smaller rectangles. Since an infinite number of curves can be drawn through the proposed rectangular data, the chance of choosing the correct "law of motion" is 1/∞, or zero. So when we see Newton's second law of motion expressed in the form ∑F = ma, we can conclude that the law, however useful, is false.
The role that scientific paradigms play in expressing scientific laws can be further understood by realizing that ∑F = ma is no longer the accepted expression of Newton's second law. Instead, it is:
...at least until the next scientific revolution. Certainly the law itself hasn't changed (or else it would not be a law). Gordon Clark explains:
This does not in any way undermine the importance of science, but only to show what it can and cannot tell us. Science is useful, but can never be validated as truth.
How does one actually go about discovering a scientific law? When science expresses laws as mathematical formulas, how do these expressions relate to the reality of these laws? Are they true? Are they unchangeable? Are the "discovered" or "selected"?
Aside from the fact that any scientific experiment faces the same obstacles that empiricism in general faces, additional issues arise when trying to draw conclusions from a given set of obtained data. Take, for example, an experiment used to validate Newton's Second Law of Motion. According to Newton's second law, a body will accelerate in the direction of any unbalanced force, and the magnitude of this acceleration will directly proportional to the magnitude of that unbalanced force. The validity of this law may be tested by tying one end of a string to a known mass (20 g) and the other end to a glider. The glider can be placed on a Stull-Ealing linear air track as shown below, reducing the friction of the glider on the track to a negligible value.
The time value can be measured with a power source which sparks every 1/60 of a second. A wired is attached to the glider which fires onto the spark tape. The mass of the glider in this particular experiment was 504.6 grams. Thus we can arrive at a theoretical value as follows:
∑F = ma
W = (m+M)a
mg = (m+M)a
a = mg/(m+M)
a = (20.0 g)(980 cm/s2)/(20.0g + 504.6g)
a = 37.4 cm/s2
Let's suppose that the experiment, repeated a few times, yielded the following results:
| Displacement (x) | time (t) | acceleration (a=2x/t2) |
| 5.0 cm | 0.5 s | 40.0 cm/s2 |
| 13.0 cm | 0.8 s | 40.6 cm/s2 |
| 55.0 cm | 1.4 s | 56.1 cm/s2 |
| 60.0 cm | 1.7 s | 41.5 cm/s2 |
| 100.0 cm | 2.2 s | 41.3 cm/s2 |
Obviously, there is a notable difference between the actual a theoretical values. Perhaps the forces of friction on the air track and the pulley weren't negligible after all. Perhaps the air flowing out of the track exhibited an additional unbalanced force, however slight, upon the glider. Perhaps the timed power source was inaccurate, or certain marks did not record properly onto the spark tape. In any case, most scientists would feel that Newton's second law has been validated by the results of this experiment.
What do we make of the third measurement, which yields a result containing an error rate of 40%. While the honest scientist would include this result in his reporting, it would be discarded as an anomaly for all practical purposes. This is a problem in what Thomas Kuhn refers to a "normal" science. Experiments are expected to yield certain results, and those that don't must be either explained away or ignored. Thus we must conclude that science is not "unbiased". Indeed, biases are necessary in science in order to have any progress or ability to build upon previous discoveries.
But the scientist is faced with yet another problem in trying to analyze the results of his data. Typically, the scientist would plot his data representing points on a graph, as shown below.
By connecting the points with a curve, the scientist would validate the law he was testing. However, we can see that the curve does not pass through all of the "points" plotted. This is due to variable errors on X-Y axis, which if taken seriously, would prohibit an experimenter from plotting data as points in the first place. Instead, each plot would have to be a rectangle in order to account for errors in both the X and Y units, as follows.
Granted, there are ways to get more accurate measurements than can be obtained by the crude setup shown above, but that would only result in smaller rectangles. Since an infinite number of curves can be drawn through the proposed rectangular data, the chance of choosing the correct "law of motion" is 1/∞, or zero. So when we see Newton's second law of motion expressed in the form ∑F = ma, we can conclude that the law, however useful, is false.
The role that scientific paradigms play in expressing scientific laws can be further understood by realizing that ∑F = ma is no longer the accepted expression of Newton's second law. Instead, it is:
...at least until the next scientific revolution. Certainly the law itself hasn't changed (or else it would not be a law). Gordon Clark explains:
"It may be a fact that gold is heavier than water, but it is not a scientific fact; it may be a fact that the longer and the farther a body falls, the faster it goes, but Galileo was not interested in this type of fact. The scientist wants mathematical accuracy; and when he cannot discover it, he makes it. Since he chooses his law from among an infinite number of equally possible laws, the probability that he has chosen the "true" law is one over infinity, i.e. zero; or, in plain English, the scientist has no chance of hitting upon the "real" laws of nature. No one doubts that scientific laws are useful: By them the atomic bomb was invented. The point of all this argument is that scientific laws are not discovered but are chosen." (Gordon H. Clark, Science and Truth, The Trinity Review; May, June 1981)
This does not in any way undermine the importance of science, but only to show what it can and cannot tell us. Science is useful, but can never be validated as truth.
Thursday, February 21, 2013
Science And Wisdom Part III
Natural Law: Providence Or Brute Fact?
It is God's creative attributes and Providence that give the laws of nature their law-like character. The laws of nature are not simply mechanistic forces that operate outside of God's domain, but are an outworking of His sovereign rule. Thus a miracle is merely an act of God which differs normal human experience, but is no more irrational than the laws of nature themselves. Physicist and popular science writer Paul Davies offers this observation:
"...he upholds the universe by the word of his power..." (Hebrews 1:3)The "laws of nature" seem to be so consistent and universal that we tend to take them for granted. When driving our vehicles, we don't stop and wonder if the laws of fluid dynamics and friction that caused our brakes to slow down and stop our cars in the past will still operate in the same manner the next time we need to stop. Due to our oblivious approach to nature and our consideration of it's laws as merely brute fact, we seldom reflect upon the basis for such laws, or in the manner in which they are "discovered". In addition, the idea of a miraculous event in which one of these laws could be changed or suspended goes against the tide of everyday observation. Consider David Hume's objection to miraculous events.
"A miracle is a violation of the laws of nature, and as a firm and unalterable experience has established these laws, the proof against a miracle, from the very nature of the fact, is as entire as could possibly be imagined." (David Hume - An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding: Of Miracles, Part I, 12)This is the next point in which there is a considerable metaphysical distinction between the Christian and the Naturalistic worldview. Naturalism not only tends to view the laws of nature as purely mechanical, but as brute facts that existed before and outside of the created order.
"Ignorance of nature’s ways led people in ancient times to invent gods to lord it over every aspect of human life....with Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC– ca. 546 BC) about 2,600 years ago, that began to change. The idea arose that nature follows consistent principles that could be deciphered. And so began the long process of replacing the notion of the reign of gods with the concept of a universe that is governed by laws of nature, and created according to a blueprint we could someday learn to read." (Stephen Hawking - "The Grand Design", pp.86-92)Hawking never explores the underlying basis for the "consistent principles" that nature follows, nor does he seek to explain how they "could be deciphered" given his view of the nature and origins of the human mind. For the naturalist, these types of questions don't seem to matter. Metaphysical discussions are to be avoided in science at all costs. Yet these are very the points that Albert Einstein, himself no friend of Christianity, referred to as the "weakness of positivists and professional atheists".
"You may find it strange that I consider the comprehensibility of the world to the degree that we may speak of such comprehensibility as a miracle or an eternal mystery. Well, a priori one should expect a chaotic world, which cannot be in any way grasped through thought... The kind of order created, for example, by Newton's theory of gravity is of quite a different kind. Even if the axioms of the theory are posited by a human being, the success of such an enterprise presupposes an order in the objective world of a high degree, which one has no a priori right to expect. That is the miracle which grows increasingly persuasive with the increasing development of knowledge." (Albert Einstein, 1956, Lettres a Maurice Solovine).Oddly enough, it was Hume himself who undermined any sort of inductive reasoning by concluding that "causes and effects are discoverable, not by reason but by experience", since we have no way of proving that the future will be like the past.
“...all the laws of nature, and all the operations of bodies without exception, are known only by experience… The mind can never possibly find the effect in the supposed cause, by the most accurate scrutiny and examination. For the effect is totally different from the cause, and consequently can never be discovered in it… Why then should we give the preference to one [effect], which is no more consistent or conceivable than the rest? All our reasonings a priori will never be able to show us any foundation for this preference. In a word, then, every effect is a distinct event from its cause. It could not, therefore, be discovered in the cause, and the first invention or conception of it, a priori, must be entirely arbitrary. And even after it is suggested, the conjunction of it with the cause must appear equally arbitrary; since there are always many other effects, which, to reason, must seem fully as consistent and natural. In vain, therefore, should we pretend to determine any single event, or infer any cause or effect, without the assistance of observation and experience.” (David Hume - An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding: Sceptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding, Part I, 9)This is an insurmountable obstacle for the naturalist, since induction is an a priori requirement for the establishment of any universal law, and induction assumes nature to be uniform. But on what basis will an atheist make such an assumption? Empiricism cannot account for inference, since any establishment of a universal law in an empiricist’s worldview would require universal sense experience. Omniscience can only be attributed to God, and our understanding of inference can only be revealed to us by an omniscient and omnipotent God. Without God’s creative attributes and his providence, natural laws would be impossible, not to mention the ability of the human mind to comprehend such laws. Thus we must conclude that materialism has no basis for proving a natural law to be valid, much less provide a rational argument against miracles. The fact that scientists use inference without hesitation is proof that they know God and his attributes.
"Praise him, sun and moon, praise him, all you shining stars! Praise him, you highest heavens, and you waters above the heavens! Let them praise the name of the LORD! For he commanded and they were created. And he established them forever and ever; he gave a decree, and it shall not pass away. Praise the LORD from the earth, you great sea creatures and all deeps, fire and hail, snow and mist, stormy wind fulfilling his word!" (Psalm 148:3-8).All to often, Christians tend to view the laws of nature in the same way, as an independent mechanism set up by God in which He occasionally intervenes in order to perform a "miracle". Such a view establishes a false dualism between the natural and supernatural worlds. Scripture teaches no such distinction between the natural and supernatural worlds, nor does it allow for any part of the created order to operate outside of God's Providence. God establishes "ordinances of the heavens" and "rule on the earth" (Job 38:33), and upholds the universe by the word of his power. (Hebrews 1:3). He decrees seedtime and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, day and night, (Genesis 8:22; Jeremiah 31:35-36; Psalm 74:16-17), makes his sun rise and sends rain (Matthew 5:45). He makes Himself clearly known by the created order (Romans 1:20). God sovereignly rules over the visible and invisible realms of creation as "...he does according to his will among the host of heaven and among the inhabitants of the earth;" (Daniel 4:35). "...In him we live and move and have our being” (Acts 17:28).
It is God's creative attributes and Providence that give the laws of nature their law-like character. The laws of nature are not simply mechanistic forces that operate outside of God's domain, but are an outworking of His sovereign rule. Thus a miracle is merely an act of God which differs normal human experience, but is no more irrational than the laws of nature themselves. Physicist and popular science writer Paul Davies offers this observation:
"In the ensuing three hundred years the theological dimension of science faded. People take it for granted that the physical world is both ordered and intelligible. The underlying order in nature – the laws of physics – are simply accepted as given, as brute facts. Nobody asks where they came from; at least they do not do so in polite company. However, even the most atheistic scientist accepts as an act of faith that the universe is not absurd, that there is a rational basis to physical existence manifested as law-like order in nature that is at least part comprehensible to us. So science can proceed only if the scientist adopts an essentially theological worldview."The laws of nature, and thus science itself, are dependent upon the creative attribute and Providence of the Christian God.
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